Rabdomiosarcoma laríngeo en un adulto, descripción de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Adult laryngeal rhabdomyosarcoma. Case report and literature review

Resumen El rabdomiosarcoma laríngeo es un cáncer infrecuente en cabeza y cuello, y aún más en adultos. Describimos el caso de un varón de 55 años con un rabdomiosarcoma del músculo cricoaritenoideo posterior izquierdo tratado mediante laringectomía total y linfadenectomía funcional bilateral.

Abstract Laryngeal rhabdomyosarcoma is an uncommon cancer in head and neck, especially in adults. We report a 55 years old male with a rhabdomyosarcoma from the left posterior cricoarytenoid muscle treated with a total laryngectomy and double functional cervical lymphadenectomy.

Residue localization and risk for aspiration in partial laryngectomy: the relevance of assertive therapeutic strategies and resources

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the correlation between the residues, their anatomical location and the presence of laryngotracheal penetration and aspiration in patients after supracricoid laryngectomy undergoing cricohyoidoepiglotopexy reconstruction. Methods: This study included 70 patients treated by supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglotopexy reconstruction in a referral national cancer hospital. The patients were submitted to swallowing videofluoroscopy, and the findings were classified by the penetration and aspiration scale. The images were described observing the presence or absence of residues and their anatomical location. Results: The prevalence of penetration in this study was 68.6% and aspiration was 34.3%. An association was found between the presence of residue on the tongue (p=0.005), posterior pharyngeal wall (p=0.013), pyriform recesses (p=0.002), valecula (p=0.061), and laryngeal penetration. The residue in the upper esophageal sphincter (p=0.039) was associated with the occurrence of laryngotracheal aspiration. Conclusion: Patients undergoing supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohioidoepiglotopexy reconstruction have food residues in different anatomical regions after swallowing. Penetration was associated with the presence of residues on the base of the tongue and posterior pharyngeal wall. Aspiration was associated with the presence of residues in the upper esophageal sphincter.

Laringectomía total en el adulto mayor, Guantánamo 2015-2019 / Laringectomia total em idosos, Guantánamo 2015-2019 / Total laryngectomy in older adult, Guantanamo 2015-2019

Introducción: El cáncer laríngeo en el adulto mayor tiene una incidencia elevada por múltiples factores que se incrementan con la edad, pero con un tratamiento específico adecuado como la laringectomía total permiten mejorar y elevar la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Objetivo: Caracterizar el resultado de las intervenciones por laringectomía total realizadas en pacientes adultos mayores en el servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto", provincia Guantánamo, en el período de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2019. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal en el total de pacientes (n=32) de 60 años y más a los que se les realizó laringectomía total durante el periodo estudiado. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, hábitos tóxicos, condicionantes prequirúrgicas, técnica quirúrgica y complicaciones más frecuentes. Los datos se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas. Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes correspondió al sexo masculino (90,6 porciento) entre 70-74 años; el 71,8 porciento de los pacientes fumaba. La laringectomía total combinada con tiroidectomía unilateral o bilateral y vaciamiento cervical selectivo fue la técnica quirúrgica más empleada y el faringostoma la complicación predominante. Conclusiones: La caracterización de los resultados de la laringectomía total en el adulto mayor portador de carcinoma epidermoide laríngeo aporta datos que permiten una mejor atención integral a este grupo poblacional(AU).

Introduction: Laryngeal cancer has a high incidence in older adult due to various factors which has been increasing in frequency with age. However, assuming an adecuated and specific treatment like total laryngectomy, allows improving and enhancing the patient's quality of life. Objective: To characterize the outcomes of total laryngectomy in older adult patients treated in the otorhinolaryngology service at the Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto" in Guantánamo, from January 2015 to December 2019. Method: A descriptive, retrospective, and cross-sectional study was conducted on the total of patients (n=32) 60 and older, who underwent total laryngectomy during the mentioned period. Variables used were as follow: age, sex, toxic habits, preoperative conditions, surgical technique and, most frequent complications. Data was gathered from medical records. Results: Male patients 70 to 74 years were predominant (90.6 percent) and most of them smoked (71.8 percent). Total laryngectomy combined with unilateral or bilateral thyroidectomy and selective neck dissection was the most common surgical technique used and pharyngostoma was the predominant complication. Conclusions: The characterization of total laryngectomy outcomes in older adult with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma provides important data for better comprehensive care in this population group(AU).

Introdução: O câncer de laringe em idosos apresenta alta incidência devido a múltiplos fatores que aumentam com a idade, mas com um tratamento específico adequado como a laringectomia total, melhoram e melhoram a qualidade de vida desses pacientes. Objetivo: Caracterizar o resultado da laringectomia total realizada em pacientes idosos no serviço de Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto", província de Guantánamo, no período de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2019. Método: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e transversal em todos os pacientes (n=32) com 60 anos ou mais que realizaram laringectomia total. durante o período estudado. As variáveis estudadas foram: idade, sexo, hábitos tóxicos, condições pré-cirúrgicas, técnica cirúrgica e complicações mais frequentes. Os dados foram obtidos dos prontuários médicos. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (90,6 porcento) entre 70-74 anos; 71,8 porcento dos pacientes fumavam. A laringectomia total combinada com tireoidectomia unilateral ou bilateral e dissecção cervical seletiva foi a técnica cirúrgica mais utilizada e a faringostomia a complicação predominante. Conclusões: A caracterização dos resultados da laringectomia total em idosos com carcinoma espinocelular de laringe fornece dados que permitem uma melhor assistência integral a este grupo populacional(AU).

Hallazgo incidental de metástasis de carcinoma de tiroides en disección de cuello por carcinoma de laringe / Incidental finding of metastasis due to thyroid´s carcinoma in a neck dissection by larynx carcinoma

RESUMEN Introducción: El fenómeno de las neoplasias primarias múltiples se ha descrito en cabeza y cuello, de forma metacrónica y sincrónica. Caso clínico: Hombre de 54 años, piel negra y procedencia rural con carcinoma escamoso de laringe T3N1M0, etapa III, que en disección de cuello se encontró incidentalmente metástasis ganglionar de carcinoma papilar de tiroides, sin evidencia clínica de lesión tiroidea. Luego se realizó ecografía y gammagrafía de la glándula cuyos resultados no mostraron alteración alguna. Conclusiones: El carcinoma de tiroides es hallado incidentalmente en el espécimen resecado después de cirugía por cáncer de cabeza y cuello en 0,3 - 1,9 por ciento de los pacientes. Por este motivo debe evaluarse bien la glándula tiroides previa cirugía de cabeza y cuello(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The phenomenon of multiple primary neoplasms has been described in the head and neck in a synchronous and metachronous way. Clinical case: A 54 years old man, black skin and rural origin with a T3N1M0 larynx squamous cell carcinoma, stage III that in a neck dissection was incidentally found a node metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma, without clinical evidence of thyroid lesion. This was followed by ultrasound and nuclear scan of the gland, whose results did not show any alteration. Conclusions: The thyroid carcinoma is found incidentally in the resected specimen after surgery by head and neck cancer in 0.3 - 1.9 percent of patients. The thyroid gland must be well assessed after head and neck surgery(AU)

Swallowing, voice and quality of life of patients submitted to extended supratracheal laryngectomy / Deglutição, voz e qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos à laringectomia supratraqueal alargada

ABSTRACT Objective To describe functional and quality of life results after extended supratracheal laryngectomy. Methods In the period from September 2009 to January 2018, 11 male subjects were submitted to extended supratracheal laryngectomy. Swallowing abilities were assessed through videofluoroscopy and the clinical scale Functional Communication Measures of Swallowing. The voices were classified by means of the perceptual-auditory analysis Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice. All subjects completed a self-assessment questionnaire for voice and swallowing. Results Aspiration was found in four patients and all presented stasis in different structures. All subjects in this study were exclusively orally fed and hydrated. In the evaluation of quality of life in swallowing, patients had mean >80 in all areas (83.47 mean of scores). The general degree and the presence of roughness were the highest means present in Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (37.81 and 49.36, respectively). The mean of 33.36 (±22.56) had little impact on quality of life under the perspective of vocal aspects. Conclusion After supratracheal laryngectomy, swallowing was sufficiently restored and the quality of life was satisfactory. The voice presents severely impaired quality and preserved oral communication, with low impact on the activities of daily living. All individuals who maintained two cricoarytenoid units presented better functional results in swallowing and voice.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever os resultados funcionais e de qualidade de vida após a laringectomia supratraqueal alargada. Métodos No período de setembro de 2009 a janeiro de 2018, 11 indivíduos do sexo masculino foram submetidos à laringectomia supratraqueal alargada. As habilidades de deglutição foram avaliadas por meio da videofluoroscopia e da escala clínica Functional Communication Measures . As vozes foram classificadas por análise perceptivo-auditiva da Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice . Todos os voluntários preencheram um questionário de autoavaliação para voz e deglutição. Resultados A aspiração foi encontrada em quatro pacientes, e todos apresentaram estase em diferentes estruturas. Todos os sujeitos deste estudo apresentavam alimentação e hidratação exclusivas por via oral. Na avaliação da qualidade de vida na deglutição, os pacientes demonstraram médias >80 em todas as áreas (83,47 média dos escores). O grau geral e a presença de rugosidade foram os maiores escores médios na avaliação perceptivo-auditiva da voz (37,81 e 49,36 consecutivamente). A média de 33,36 (±22,56) demonstrou pouco impacto na qualidade de vida sob a perspectiva dos aspectos vocais. Conclusão Após a laringectomia supratraqueal, a deglutição foi suficientemente restaurada, e a qualidade de vida foi satisfatória. A voz apresenta qualidade gravemente comprometida com comunicação oral preservada, demonstrando baixo impacto nas atividades da vida diária. Todos os indivíduos que mantiveram duas unidades cricoaritenóideas apresentaram melhores resultados funcionais na deglutição e na voz.

Prognostic role of resection margin in open oncologic laryngeal surgery: survival analysis of a cohort of 139 patients affected by squamous cell carcinoma / Papel prognóstico da margem de ressecção em cirurgia oncológica aberta de laringe: análise de sobrevida de uma coorte de 139 pacientes com carcinoma de células escamosas

Abstract Introduction: The treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma needs accurate risk stratification, in order to choose the most suitable therapy. The prognostic significance of resection margin is still highly debated, considering the contradictory results obtained in several studies regarding the survival rate of patients with a positive resection margin. Objective: To evaluate the prognostic role of resection margin in terms of survival and risk of recurrence of primary tumour through survival analysis. Methods: Between 2007 and 2014, 139 patients affected by laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma underwent partial or total laryngectomy and were followed for mean of 59.44 ± 28.65 months. Resection margin status and other variables such as sex, age, tumour grading, pT, pN, surgical technique adopted, and post-operative radio- and/or chemotherapy were investigated as prognostic factors. Results: 45.32% of patients underwent total laryngectomy, while the remaining subjects in the cohort underwent partial laryngectomy. Resection margins in 73.39% of samples were free of disease, while in 21 patients (15.1%) anatomo-pathological evaluation found one of the margins to be close; in 16 subjects (11.51%) an involved resection margin was found. Only 6 patients (4.31%) had a recurrence, which occurred in 83.33% of these patients within the first year of follow-up. Disease specific survival was 99.24% after 1 year, 92.4% after 3 years, and 85.91% at 5 years. The multivariate analysis of all covariates showed an increased mortality rate only with regard to pN (HR = 5.043; p = 0.015) and recurrence (HR = 11.586; p = 0.012). Resection margin did not result an independent predictor (HR = 0.757; p = 0.653). Conclusions: Our study did not recognize resection margin as an independent prognostic factor; most previously published papers lack unanimous, methodological choices, and the cohorts of patients analyzed are not easy to compare. To reach a unanimous agreement regarding the prognostic value of resection margins, it would be necessary to carry out meta-analyses on studies sharing definition of resection margin, methodology and post-operative therapeutic choices.

Resumo Introdução: O tratamento do carcinoma de células escamosas de laringe necessita de uma estratificação precisa do risco, para a escolha da terapia mais adequada. O significado prognóstico da margem de ressecção ainda é motivo de debate, considerando-se os resultados contraditórios obtidos em vários estudos sobre a taxa de sobrevida de pacientes com margem de ressecção positiva. Objetivo: Avaliar o papel prognóstico da margem de ressecção em termos de sobrevida e risco de recorrência de tumor primário através da análise de sobrevida. Método: Entre 2007 e 2014, 139 pacientes com carcinoma de células escamosas de laringe foram submetidos à laringectomia parcial ou total e foram acompanhados por um tempo médio de 59,44 ± 28,65 meses. O status de margem de ressecção e outras variáveis, como sexo, idade, grau do tumor, pT, pN, técnica cirúrgica adotada e radio- e/ou quimioterapia pós-operatória, foram investigados como fatores prognósticos. Resultados: Dos pacientes, 45,32% foram submetidos à laringectomia total, enquanto os demais foram submetidos à laringectomia parcial. As margens de ressecção em 73,39% das amostras estavam livres, enquanto em 21 pacientes (15,1%) a avaliação anatomopatológica encontrou uma das margens próxima e 16 indivíduos (11,51%) apresentaram margem de ressecção comprometida. Apenas seis pacientes (4,31%) apresentaram recidiva, o que ocorreu em 83,33% desses pacientes no primeiro ano de seguimento. A sobrevida doença-específica foi de 99,24% em um ano, 92,4% em três anos e 85,91% em cinco anos. A análise multivariada de todas as covariáveis mostrou um aumento na taxa de mortalidade apenas em relação à pN (HR = 5,043; p = 0,015) e recidiva (HR = 11,586; p = 0,012). A margem de ressecção não demonstrou ser um preditor independente (HR = 0,757; p = 0,653). Conclusões: Nosso estudo não identificou a margem de ressecção como fator prognóstico independente; a maioria dos artigos publicados anteriormente não tem escolhas metodológicas unânimes e as coortes de pacientes analisados não são fáceis de comparar. Para chegar a uma concordância unânime em relação ao valor prognóstico da margem de ressecção, seria necessário fazer metanálises em estudos que compartilham a definição da margem de ressecção, metodologia e escolhas terapêuticas pós-operatórias.

Total Laryngectomy with Horizontal Mechanical Closure of the Pharyngoesophagectomy: Evaluation of the Effectiveness in Elderly Patients

Abstract Introduction The main modalities of surgical treatment for laryngeal cancer include transoral laser microsurgery (TLM), open preservation surgery, and total laryngectomy (TL). In the elderly, for the presence of comorbidities, the surgical approach more appropriate in many cases remains TL. The use of a stapler for the closure of the esophagus has been introduced to reduce surgical time and postoperative complications such as pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF). Objective In the present study, we have evaluated the effectiveness of the use of the horizontal mechanical pharyngoesophageal closure in patients who underwent TL. Methods This nonrandomized study was performed on consecutive patients with histopathologically proven squamous cell endolaryngeal carcinoma. The TLwas performed using a linear stapler to mechanically suture the pharyngotomy using the semiclosed technique. Results A total of 33 patients underwent TL, and 13 of themunderwent neck dissection. A total of 15 patients (45.4%) were ≤70 years old, and 18 were > 70 years old. Analyzing the results in relation to age, patients > 70 years old showed tumors at an earlier stage than those aged ≤70 years old. Furthermore, in this group there was a greater number of patients who had comorbidities (p = 0.014). In total, we had 2 (6%) cases of PCF in 6.6% in the group ≤70 years old, and in 5.5% of the group > 70 years old (p = 1.00). Conclusions The use of the stapler for the horizontal closure of the pharyngoesophagectomy in the patients subjected to TL is proven to be useful and safe even when used in elderly patients.

Comparison of long-term functional results between standard supracricoid laryngectomy and modified technique with sternohyoid muscle / Comparação de resultados funcionais a longo prazo entre laringectomia padrão supracricoide e técnica modificada com músculo esterno-hióideo

Abstract Introduction: Laryngeal cancer is the most common cancer of the upper respiratory tract. The main methods of treatment included surgery (partial laryngectomy and total laryngectomy) and radiation therapy. Laryngeal dysfunction is seen after both treatment modalities. Objective: The aim of the study is to compare postoperative functional results of the standard supracricoid partial laryngectomy technique and a modified supracricoid partial laryngectomy technique using the sternohyoid muscle. Methods: In total, 29 male patients (average years 58.20 ± 9.00 years; range 41-79 years) with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent supra cricoid partial laryngectomy were included. The patients were divided into two groups in terms of the surgical techniques. In Group A, all patients underwent standard supracricoid partial laryngectomy technique between January 2007 and November 2011. In Group B, all patients underwent modified supracricoid partial laryngectomy between August 2010 and November 2011. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing test, short version of the voice handicap index scores, and the MD Anderson dysphagia inventory, the time of oral feeding and the decanulation of the patients after surgery of each groups were compared. Results: The mean maximum phonation time was 8.68 ± 4.21 s in Group A and 15.24 ± 6.16 s in Group B (p > 0.05). The S/Z (s/s) ratio was 1.23 ± 0.35 in Group A and 1.08 ± 0.26 in Group B (p > 0.05); the voice handicap index averages were 9.86 ± 4.77 in Group A and 12.42 ± 12.54 in Group B (p > 0.05); the fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing test averages were calculated as 12.73 ± 3.08 in Group A and 13.64 ± 1.49 in Group B (p > 0.05). In the MD Anderson dysphagia inventory, evaluation of swallowing, the emotional, physical, and functional scores were 29.21 ± 4.11, 32.21 ± 6.85, and 20.14 ± 2.17 in the Group B, and 29.20 ± 2.54, 32.4 ± 4.79, and 19 ± 1.92 in Group A, respectively. Conclusion: Although there is no statistical difference in functional outcome comparisons, if rules are adhered to in preoperative patient selection, modified supracricoid partial laryngectomy can be applied safely and meaningful gains can be achieved in functional outcomes.

Resumo Introdução: O câncer laríngeo é o câncer mais comum do trato respiratório superior. Os principais métodos de tratamento incluem cirurgia (laringectomia parcial e laringectomia total) e radioterapia. A disfunção laríngea é observada em ambas as modalidades de tratamento. Objetivos: Comparar os resultados funcionais pós-operatórios da técnica de laringectomia padrão supracricoide e a técnica de laringectomia supracricoide modificada com o uso do músculo esterno-hióideo. Método: Foram incluídos 29 pacientes do sexo masculino (média de 58,20 ± 9,00 anos, intervalo de 41 a 79) com carcinoma espinocelular de laringe submetidos à laringectomia supracricoide parcial. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos em termos de técnicas cirúrgicas. Todos os pacientes do Grupo A foram submetidos à laringectomia padrão supracricoide entre janeiro de 2007 e novembro de 2011. No Grupo B, todos os pacientes foram submetidos à laringectomia supracricoide modificada entre agosto de 2010 e novembro de 2011. A avaliação endoscópica da deglutição por fibra ótica, os escores da versão curta do Voice Handicap Index e do MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory, o tempo de alimentação oral e a decanulação dos pacientes foram comparados após a cirurgia em cada grupo. Resultados: A média do tempo máximo de fonação foi de 8,68 ± 4,21 segundos no Grupo A e 15,24 ± 6,16 segundos no Grupo B (p > 0,05). A razão S/Z (seg/seg) foi de 1,23 ± 0,35 no Grupo A e 1,08 ± 0,26 no Grupo B (p > 0,05); as médias do Voice Handicap Index foram 9,86 ± 4,77 no Grupo A e 12,42 ± 12,54 no Grupo B (p > 0,05); as médias da avaliação endoscópica da deglutição por fibra ótica foram calculadas como 12,73 ± 3,08 no Grupo A e 13,64 ± 1,49 no Grupo B (p > 0,05). Na avaliação da deglutição pelo MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory, os escores emocional, físico e funcional foram 29,21 ± 4,11, 32,21 ± 6,85 e 20,14 ± 2,17 no Grupo B e 29,20 ± 2,54, 32,4 ± 4,79 e 19 ± 1,92 no Grupo A, respectivamente. Conclusão: Embora não haja diferença estatística nas comparações de resultados funcionais, se as regras forem respeitadas na seleção pré-operatória do paciente, a laringectomia supracricoide parcial modificada pode ser aplicada com segurança e ganhos significativos podem ser alcançados em termos de resultados funcionais.

Resultados funcionales de pacientes tratados con faringolaringectomía y reconstrucción faríngea con colgajo pediculado / Functional Outcomes using pedicle flap reconstruction approach after pharyngolaryngectomy in laryngeal carcinoma patients

INTRODUCCIÓN: La laringectomía total es el tratamiento de elección del cáncer de laringe avanzado, requiriendo en ocasiones asociar una resección parcial o total de la faringe para su manejo. El defecto faríngeo, puede repararse con colgajos libres o pediculados, teniendo estos últimos la ventaja de ser simples, confiables y resistentes a la radioterapia. OBJETIVO: Presentar los resultados funcionales de una serie de pacientes tratados con faringolaringectomía y reconstrucción faríngea con colgajo pediculado. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se revisaron registros de pacientes con laringectomía total más faringectomía parcial y reconstrucción con colgajo pediculado en el Hospital Regional de Talca entre 2009 y 2017, encontrando 6 casos de los cuales 4 se encontraron vivos al momento de iniciar el estudio. Se realizó videofluoroscopía para evaluar deglución, presencia de estenosis y/o fístulas, además, de evaluación nutricional y encuesta de calidad de vida. RESULTADOS: En el estudio de la deglución por fluoroscopía, todos los pacientes presentaron escasa retención del material de contraste en la hipofaringe y esófago cervical, lo cual está en relación con cambios morfológicos posquirúrgicos, sin afectar significativamente el mecanismo deglutorio. Todos los pacientes se encontraron eutróficos en su evaluación nutricional y sin evidencias de alteración de su calidad de vida secundaria a la deglución. CONCLUSIONES: La reconstrucción faríngea parcial con colgajo pediculado en pacientes con laringectomías totales asociadas a faringectomía parcial permite una deglución adecuada y sin disfagia, con un estado nutricional eutrófico.

INTRODUCTION: Total laryngectomy is the treatment of choice for advanced laryngeal cancer and after radiotherapy failure. In patients with pharyngeal invasion, it is associated with total or partial pharyngectomy, wich defect can be repaired with free or pedicle flaps. AIM: To present a brief series of pedicle flap reconstruction approach after pharyngolaryngectomy in laryngeal carcinoma patients and functional outcomes MATERIALS AND METHOD: We looked at laryngeal cancer patient records who were treated with total laryngectomy with partial pharyngectomy and pharyngeal reconstruction with pedicle flap at "Hospital Regional de Talca" between the years 2009 and 2017, finding 6 cases, 4 of which were alive at the beginning of the study. We analized videoflourocopy swallow studies to assess mechanisms of deglutition, and presence of stenosis or fistulas. We also performed a nutritional state assessment and a quality of life questionnaire. RESULTS: During videodeglutition study, the 4 patients showed minimal contrast swallow delay at hypopharynx and cervical esophagus. All the patients were found eutrophic in their nutritional assessment and with no significant evidence of quality of life disturbances secondary to deglutition state. CONCLUSIONS: Partial pharyngeal reconstruction using pedicle flaps in patients who underwent total laryngectomy with partial pharyngectomy allows to maintain an adequate deglutition without dysphagia, as well as a good nutritional state.

Supracricoid Laryngectomy: The Function of the Remaining Arytenoid in Voice and Swallowing

Abstract Introduction Supracricoid laryngectomy still has selected indications; there are few studies in the literature, and the case series are limited, a fact that stimulates the development of new studies to further elucidate the structural and functional aspects of the procedure. Objective To assess voice and deglutition parameters according to the number of preserved arytenoids. Methods Eleven patients who underwent subtotal laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy were evaluated by laryngeal nasofibroscopy, videofluoroscopy, and auditory-perceptual, acoustic, and voice pleasantness analyses, after resuming oral feeding. Results Functional abnormalities were detected in two out of the three patients who underwent arytenoidectomy, and in six patients from the remainder of the sample. Almost half of the sample presented silent laryngeal penetration and/or vallecular/ hypopharyngeal stasis on the videofluoroscopy. The mean voice analysis scores indicated moderate vocal deviation, roughness and breathiness; severe strain and loudness deviation; shorter maximum phonation time; the presence of noise; and high third and fourth formant values. The voices were rated as unpleasant. There was no difference in the number and functionality of the remaining arytenoids as prognostic factors for deglutition; however, in the qualitative analysis, favorable voice and deglutition outcomes were more common among patients who did not undergo arytenoidectomy and had normal functional conditions. Conclusion The number and functionality of the preserved arytenoidswere not found to be prognostic factors for favorable deglutition efficiency outcomes. However, the qualitative analysis showed that the preservation of both arytenoids and the absence of functional abnormalities were associated with more satisfactory voice and deglutition patterns.

Carcinosarcoma de laringe: reporte de dos casos / Carcinosarcoma of the larynx: report of two cases

El carcinosarcoma de laringe es un tumor bifásico raro que representa menos del 1% de todos los tumores malignos de laringe. Debido a su doble naturaleza epitelial y mesenquimal esta neoplasia ha sido denominada de distintas maneras en la literatura, siendo indispensable el estudio mediante inmunohistoquímica para establecer un diagnóstico correcto. Se presentan 2 casos de carcinosarcoma de laringe, confirmados mediante estudio con inmunohistoquímica, ambos tratados mediante laringectomía total. Se elabora una discusión de los principales aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos y terapéuticos de esta infrecuente neoplasia.

The larynx carcinosarcoma is a rare biphasic tumor that represents less than 1% of all malignant tumors of the larynx. Because of its biphasic epithelial and mesenchymal nature this neoplasm has been called in different ways in the literature being indispensable the study by immunohistochemistry to establish a proper diagnosis. We present 2 cases of larynx carcinosarcoma confirmed by immunohistochemical study, both treated with total laryngectomy. A discussion of the main clinical, histopathological and therapeutic aspects of this rare neoplasm is made.

Condrosarcoma de la laringe: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Chondrosarcoma of the larynx: case report and literature review

El cáncer de laringe es un tumor relativamente raro en Ecuador (0,5/100000 varones). Las lesiones neoplásicas de laringe son usualmente epiteliales y el tipo histológico más frecuente es el carcinoma escamocelular. El tumor mesenquimal más común es el condrosarcoma. En los 31 años de existencia del Registro Nacional de Tumores de Ecuador éste es el primer caso de condrosarcoma de laringe registrado. Por este motivo, hemos decidido reportar el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico de este caso.

Laryngeal cancer is a relatively uncommon tumor en Ecuador (0,5/100000 males). These neoplastic lesions usually epithelial and the most frequent histological type is squamous cell carcinoma. The most common mesenchymal tumor is chondrosarcoma. No case of this type of laryngeal tumor has been registered since the foundation of the National Cancer Registry of Ecuador thirty-one years ago. For this reason, we have decided to report the diagnostic and therapeutic management of his case.

Abordaje cerrado en patología de vía aérea superior con el uso de microelectrodos: nuestra experiencia / Approach closed upper airway pathology using microelectrodes: our experience

El láser como alternativa a la cirugía abierta de la vía aérea superior ha venido a modificar la forma de abordaje de las patologías en esta área, pero no deja de ser un procedimiento costoso que no está al alcance de todos los servicios. Por este motivo se han reinventado nuevas formas de abordaje que cumplan los mismos requisitos tanto de la cirugía abierta como con láser pero con un menor coste. Presentamos una serie de 30 casos realizados en un período de 6 años por motivos tanto tumorales como no, en los que se realizaron abordajes cerrados a través de microcirugía con disección mediante microelectrodos. Obteniendo pocas complicaciones y una disminución de la estancia hospitalaria significativa. Con lo cual nos parece una técnica eficiente para abordajes de este tipo.

The laser as an alternative to open surgery of the upper airway has come to change the form of approaching the disease in this area, but it is still an expensive procedure that is not available to all services. For this reason a new ways of approach to meet the same requirements both open as laser but at a lower cost surgery. We present a series of 30 cases performed over a period of 6 years for reasons as much tumor, which closed approaches through microsurgical dissection were performed using microelectrodes. Obtaining few complications and significant decreased hospital stay. Our considerations is it seems an efficient technique for such approaches.

Partial laryngectomy in glottic cancer: complications and oncological results / Laringectomia parcial no câncer glótico: complicações e resultados oncológicos

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Most patients with laryngeal carcinoma present tumors in the glottis that can be treated by different treatment modalities. Some authors consider open partial laryngectomy as obsolete, while others still deem this as a viable and cost-efficient option. OBJECTIVES: To compare the oncological and functional results of a series of patients undergoing partial laryngectomy vs. external radiotherapy for the treatment of glottic cancer. METHODS: Historical cohort study with a series of glottic carcinoma patients undergoing partial laryngectomy or external radiotherapy during a period of ten years. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients with glottic carcinoma were included. Group A comprised those submitted to partial laryngectomy (n = 30), and Group B, those who underwent radiotherapy (n = 32). They were homogeneous in the comparison of mean age, 56.4 vs. 60.4 years (p = 0.12) and distribution in pathological stage (p = 0.91). With regard to oncological outcome, there were no differences in distant metastasis rates, or second primary tumor between groups (p = 1.0), as well as in disease-free time, laryngeal rescue-free time, and overall five-year survival. Severe complication rates were also similar between groups. CONCLUSION: Open partial laryngectomy had complication rates and oncological results similar to those of radiotherapy for patients with glottic carcinomas and should still be considered among the main available therapeutic options.

Resumo Introdução: A maioria dos pacientes com carcinoma de laringe apresentam tumores na região glótica suscetíveis a diferentes modalidades de tratamento. Alguns autores consideram a laringectomia parcial aberta em desuso enquanto outros ainda a indicam como uma opção viável e custo eficiente. Objetivos: Comparar os resultados oncológicos e funcionais de uma série de pacientes submetidos à laringectomia parcial versus radioterapia externa para o tratamento do câncer glótico. Método: Estudo tipo coorte histórica com uma série de pacientes com carcinoma glótico submetidos à laringectomia parcial ou radioterapia externa em período de 10 anos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 62 pacientes com carcinoma glótico distribuídos em Grupo A: submetido à laringectomia parcial (n = 30) e Grupo B submetido a radioterapia (n = 32) que se mostraram homogêneos na comparação de média de idade de 56,4 vs. 60,4 (p = 0,12) e distribuição em estadios patológicos (p = 0,91). Com relação ao desfecho oncológico, não foram observadas diferenças nas taxas de metástase à distancia, ou segundo primário entre os grupos (p = 1,0) assim como no tempo livre de doença, tempo livre de resgate laríngeo e sobrevida geral em 5 anos. As taxas de complicações severas também foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Conclusão: A laringectomia parcial aberta apresentou taxas de complicações e resultados oncológicos semelhante àqueles do tratamento radioterápico para pacientes com carcinomas glóticos e ainda deve ser considera entre as principais opções terapêuticas disponíveis.

Level of anxiety versus self-care in the preoperative and postoperative periods of total laryngectomy patients / Nível de ansiedade versus autocuidado no pré-operatório e pós-operatório do paciente laringectomizado total / Nivel de ansiedad versus autocuidados en el preoperatorio y postoperatorio del paciente con laringectomía total

Abstract Objective: estimate the prevalence of anxiety in laryngectomy patients in the pre and postoperative periods and its relation with the self-care level. Method: observational research of 40 patients with stage IV laryngeal cancer. Three observations took place: in the preoperative phase, at seven and at 14 days after the surgery; between June 2010 and December 2012. Two self-care levels were defined: self-sufficient and needing help for activities of daily living and treatment-related activities. To assess the anxiety levels, Zigmond's hospital anxiety scale (1983) was used. Results: in the preoperative and postoperative phases, the patients presented high levels of anxiety. Concerning self-care, on average, self-sufficient patients presented lower levels of anxiety than patients who needed help to accomplish activities of daily living and activities deriving from the surgery, without significant differences. Conclusion: anxiety is present at all times in laryngectomy patients and the reduction of the self-care deficit seems to decrease it, without putting a permanent end to it.

Resumo Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de ansiedade do paciente laringectomizado no pré-operatório e pós-operatório e sua relação com o nível de autocuidado. Método: pesquisa observacional de 40 pacientes com câncer da laringe estágio IV. Foram realizadas 3 observações: no pré-operatório, a 7 e 14 dias pós-operatório, no período de junho de 2010 a dezembro de 2012. Dois níveis de autocuidado foram definidos: autossuficientes e precisar ajuda para as atividades da vida diária e relacionadas ao tratamento. Para avaliar a ansiedade, foi utilizada a escala de ansiedade hospitalar de Zigmond (1983). Resultados: no pré-operatório e pós-operatório, os pacientes apresentaram níveis elevados de ansiedade. Com relação ao autocuidado, os pacientes autossuficientes apresentaram na média níveis inferiores de ansiedades que os pacientes que precisavam de ajuda para realizar as atividades da vida diária y as derivadas da cirurgia, sem chegar a ser significativas estas diferenças. Conclusão: a ansiedade está presente a todo momento no paciente laringectomizado e a diminuição do déficit de autocuidados parece diminuí-la sem acabar definitivamente com ela.

Resumen Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de ansiedad del paciente laringectomizado, en el preoperatorio y postoperatorio y su relación con el nivel de autocuidados. Método: investigación observacional de 40 pacientes con cáncer de laringe estadio IV. Se realizaron 3 observaciones: en el preoperatorio, a los 7 y 14 días del postoperatorio; en el periodo junio 2010 a diciembre de 2012. Se definieron dos niveles de autocuidados: autosuficientes y necesitar ayuda para las actividades de la vida diaria y derivadas del tratamiento; para evaluar la ansiedad se utilizó la escala de ansiedad hospitalaria de Zigmond (1983). Resultados: en el preoperatorio y postoperatorio los pacientes presentaron niveles elevados de ansiedad. En relación a los autocuidados, los pacientes autosuficientes presentaron en media niveles más bajos de ansiedad que los pacientes que necesitaban ayuda para realizar las actividades de la vida diaria y las derivadas de la cirugía, sin llegar a ser significativas estas diferencias Conclusión: la ansiedad está presente en todo momento en el paciente con laringectomia y la disminución del déficit de autocuidados parece disminuirla sin terminar definitivamente con ella.

Incisão em abordagem única por meio de técnica de retalho deltopeitoral para reconstrução de traqueostomia em paciente submetido à radioterapia após laringectomia / One stage "slit" deltopectoral flap technique for end tracheostomy reconstruction in irradiated postlaryngectomy patient

Reconstruir lesão do estoma traqueal em pacientes submetidos a laringectómica total é um desafio, especialmente, quando a pele do perístoma está lesionada devido à radioterapia. A reconstrução é complexa e geralmente requer mais de uma abordagem. Apresenta-se técnica simples utilizada com sucesso em paciente de 80 anos com deiscência de lesão do estoma traqueal e retração da traqueia.

Reconstruction of tracheal stoma wound in patients who undergone total laryngectomy is challenging especially when the peristomal skin is unhealthy due to radi therapy. The reconstruction is complex and usually requires more than one stage. We present a simple techniqued successfully used in an 80-year-old patient with dehisced tracheal stoma wound and retraction of trachea.

Apneia do sono: ha diferencas entre laringectomias verticais ou horizontais? / Obstructive sleep apnea: is there a difference between vertical and horizontal laryngectomy?

As laringectomias parciais são utilizadas no tratamento do câncer de laringe. A alteração estrutural na via aérea superior decorrente da cirurgia pode predispor à Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono. OBJETIVO: Avaliar comparativamente os pacientes submetidos a laringectomias parciais horizontais e verticais quanto a prevalência e gravidade da apneia do sono e determinar possível papel para a espirometria neste grupo. MÉTODO: Pesquisa em prontuários. Avaliação dos pacientes por meio de anamnese, exame otorrinolaringológico, polissonografia, espirometria, videonasofibroscopia. Estudo tipo coorte transversal. RESULTADOS: 92,3% do total de 14 pacientes estudados apresentavam Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono. O índice de apneia/hipopneia médio foi significativamente maior entre os pacientes submetidos a laringectomias verticais (36,9) do que a horizontais (11,2), assim como a média da saturação mínima da oxi-hemoglobina, que foi de 85,9 no grupo da laringectomia horizontal e de 84,3 no grupo da laringectomia vertical. A espirometria demonstrou obstrução extratorácica alta em 100% dos pacientes com diagnóstico de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono. CONCLUSÃO: Observamos alta incidência de apneia do sono em pacientes submetidos a laringectomias parciais. A doença tende a ser mais grave no grupo submetido a laringectomias verticais. A espirometria parece ser exame interessante para determinar pacientes de risco para diagnóstico de AOS nesta situação. NCT01157286. .

Partial laryngectomy is used in the treatment of laryngeal cancer. Structural alterations of the upper airway arising from partial laryngectomy can cause obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence and severity of OSA in patients submitted to horizontal and vertical partial laryngectomy and assess the role of spirometry for these patients. METHOD: Cross-sectional clinical study with individuals offered partial laryngectomy. The included patients were assessed through interview, upper airway endoscopy, polysomnography, and spirometry. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were evaluated and 92.3% were found to have OSA. The apnea-hypopnea index was significantly higher among patients submitted to vertical laryngectomy (mean = 36.9) when compared to subjects offered horizontal laryngectomy (mean = 11.2). The mean minimum oxyhemoglobin saturation was 85.9 in the horizontal laryngectomy group and 84.3 in the vertical laryngectomy group. Spirometry identified extrathoracic upper airway obstruction in all patients with OSA. CONCLUSION: The studied population had a high incidence of obstructive sleep apnea. OSA was more severe in patients offered vertical laryngectomy than in the individuals submitted to horizontal laryngectomy. Spirometry seems to be useful in the detection of cases of suspected OSA, as it suggests the presence of extrathoracic upper airway obstruction. .

Long-term outcomes of supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy and its modified version

To investigate the long-term outcomes of supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy [CHEP] and its modified version, in which we reserve the poster inferior borders of both thyroid cartilage laminas to protect swallowing function. This retrospective survival analysis was performed in 86 patients, wherein 46 undergoing CHEP and 40 undergoing modified CHEP. Their decannulation data were reviewed. We used swallowing quality-of-life questionnaire to measure the quality-of-life in 53 of the 65 survivals at the end of the follow-up period in 2011. Of the 53 patients, 24 underwent CHEP, while the remaining by modified CHEP. The log rank test showed no significant difference in survival distributions of 2 the groups [p=0.92]. The decannulation rate was 93.5% in CHEP and 100% in modified CHEP, showing no significant difference. The time span of decannulation in CHEP was 19.0 +/- 4.6 days, significantly longer than [14.0 +/- 2.3 days] the modified CHEP [p=0.000]. As to quality-of life data, one-way multivariate analysis of variance, revealed a significant multivariate main effect for groups [p=0.001], and significant univariate main effects in 5 scales out of 11 [p<0.05], which showed a better swallowing life quality in modified CHEP. There was no significant difference in survival rate between the 2 surgeries. The modified CHEP succeeded in earlier decannulation and better long-term swallowing life quality. Thus, modified CHEP is worth promoting, as long as indications were strictly conformed

Laringectomía total ampliada en carcinoma laríngeo avanzado T4a / Total laryngectomy in advanced laryngeal neoplasma T4a

Background: In Chile a significant number of patients is presented with advanced laryngeal cancer at diagnosis with poor prognosis and less than 50% survival at 5 years. Nowadays choosing the organ sparing treatment, but in selected cases total laryngectomy is a valid treatment option. Aim: To present the results obtained with the extended total laryngectomy in patients with advanced laryngeal carcinoma. Patients and Methods: Retrospective analysis of all patients with advanced laryngeal carcinoma T4a underwent total extended laryngectomy at our center between 2007-2010. Results: 18 patients, a woman, a median age 64 years (range, 50-82), they were studied and etapified with Rhino-Laryngo-Fibrescope Olympus© and CT. Seven patients underwent emergency tracheostomy. All patients underwent total extended laryngectomy with primary pharyngeal closure. The median tumor size was 4.3cm. In 17 patients R0 was achieved. Postoperative complication was presented in one patient with a pharyngocutaneous fistula. Thirteen patients were sent to radiotherapy. After a follow-up of 17 months (range, 2-55): one, two and three years of survival was 88.8 percent, 50 percent and 50 percent respectively. Conclusion: In the serie, extended total laryngectomy is a good therapeutic alternative in patients with advanced laryngeal carcinoma, with low surgical morbidity, short hospital stay and favorable survival.

Introducción: En Chile se presenta un importante número de pacientes con cáncer laríngeo avanzado al momento del diagnóstico, con mal pronóstico y una supervivencia menor al 50 por ciento a 5 años. Actualmente, se opta por el tratamiento conservador de órganos, en casos seleccionados la laringectomía total es una alternativa. Objetivo: Presentar los resultados de la laringectomía total ampliada en carcinoma laríngeo avanzado. Pacientes y Método: Análisis retrospectivo de los pacientes con carcinoma laríngeo avanzado T4a sometidos a laringectomía total ampliada en nuestro centro entre 2007-2010. Resultados: La serie estuvo constituida por 18 pacientes, una mujer, mediana de 64 años (rango, 50-82), estudio y etapificación con nasofibroscopia y TC. En siete pacientes se realizó traqueostomía de urgencia. En todos los pacientes se realizó laringectomía total ampliada. El tamaño tumoral fue 4,3 cm como mediana. En 17 pacientes se logró R0. Como complicación un paciente presentó una fístula faringocutánea. Fueron enviados a radioterapia 13 pacientes. Tras un seguimiento de 17 meses (rango, 2-55): la supervivencia a uno, a dos y a tres años fue de 88,8 por ciento, 50 por ciento y 50 por ciento respectivamente. Conclusión: En esta serie, la laringectomía total ampliada es una buena alternativa para los pacientes con carcinoma laríngeo avanzado T4a por su baja morbilidad quirúrgica, corta estadía hospitalaria y supervivencia favorable.